2013中考英語備考:主謂一致語言規(guī)則(必背重點)

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    句子的核心是謂語動詞,謂語動詞的確定取決于主語。根據(jù)句子含義和結構認準主語是掌握主謂一致的必要條件;弄清主謂一致的語言規(guī)則和習慣是掌握主謂一致的充分條件,要正確使用主謂一致,兩個條件缺一不可,但同學們往往會走入以下三大誤區(qū)。
    誤區(qū)一 誤認主語
    1. 倒裝句
    ①Between the two buildings are a big tree. (×)
    ②Between the two buildings is a big tree. (√)
    【解析】 第①句謂語動詞使用are,錯誤地認為the two buildings是該句的主語,但實際上是介詞between的賓語,一起構成介詞短語,而介詞短語不能充當主語。該句是一個倒裝句,真正主語是a big tree。因此第②句正確。
    特別提醒 倒裝句的常見結構:副詞/介詞短語+謂語+主語
    2. 主語之后帶有介詞短語
    ①The fruit like apples , oranges are good for our health. (×)
    ②The fruit like apples , oranges is good for our health. (√)
    【解析】 第①句誤認為apples , oranges是主語,因此謂語動詞用are,而實際上the fruit才是該句的主語,like apples , oranges是介詞短語作后置定語修飾the fruit。該句譯為“像蘋果、桔子之類的水果對我們的身體是有好處的”。因此第②句是正確的。
    特別提醒 類似的結構有:主語+with / like / except / but / together with / as well as . . . ,謂語動詞應與主語一致,而與介詞短語之后的名詞無關。
    3. one of . . . + 名詞復數(shù)或復數(shù)代詞
    ①There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys are from Canada. (×)
    ②There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys is from Canada. (√)
    【解析】 one of the boys的中心詞是one,因此謂語動詞用單數(shù),造成第①句錯誤的原因主要是把the boys當成了該句的主語。
    4. 定語從句
    ①I like the photos which was taken in Beijing. (×)
    ②I like the photos which were taken in Beijing. (√)
    【解析】 which were taken in Beijing是一個定語從句,用于修飾先行詞the photos,而which本身就代替先行詞the photos。因此謂語動詞要用復數(shù),造成第①句錯誤的原因是沒有弄清楚關系詞which的實質(zhì),只是從形式上看它是單數(shù)。
    特別提醒 定語從句中的謂語動詞應該與先行詞保持一致。
    誤區(qū)二 被主語的表象迷惑
    1. 看似復數(shù)卻表單數(shù)概念
    ①Maths are my favourite subject. (×)
    ②Maths is my favourite subject. (√)
    【解析】 maths本身是一個以“s”結尾的單詞,而不是一個復數(shù)名詞,表示單數(shù)概念“數(shù)學”這一學科,因此第②句正確。
    類似的有:physics , news , politics . . .
    2. 看似單數(shù)卻表復數(shù)概念
    ①The police is searching for the robbers. (×)
    ②The police are searching for the robbers. (√)
    【解析】 the police譯為“警方”,表示復數(shù)概念,而不是表示“那個警察”,因此第②句正確,類似的詞有:people , the + 形容詞,the + 姓 + family等均表復數(shù)概念。
    3. 名詞的單復數(shù)同形
    ①There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? (×)
    ②There is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? (√)
    【解析】 sheep是一個單復數(shù)形式相同的名詞,由于sheep之前用的a little修飾,加上Can you see it中的it指代單數(shù),因此a little sheep譯為“一只小綿羊”,因此第②句正確。如果將原題改為:There ________ (be) a few sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see them?那又會怎么樣呢。
    特別提醒 類似的單復數(shù)形式相同的詞還有fish, Chinese, Japanese等,要根據(jù)句子的含義和結構暗示來判斷其單復數(shù)。
    4. 集合名詞
    ①Their family is very happy. Now their family is watching TV. (×)
    ②Their family is very happy. Now their family are watching TV. (√)
    【解析】 family是一個集合名詞,表示整體概念時謂語用單數(shù),表示個體概念時謂語用復數(shù)。該句譯為“他們?nèi)液苄腋?,現(xiàn)在全家人正在看電視”。因此第一個family表示整體概念,譯為“家庭”,第二個family表示個體概念,譯為“家人”,第②句正確。
    特別提醒 類似的還有group, class, team等既可表單數(shù)也可表復數(shù)。
    誤區(qū)三 誤用語言規(guī)則
    1. 表示時間、距離、金錢、重量、數(shù)量等名詞作主語
    ①Ten years are quite a long time. (×)
    ②Ten years is quite a long time. (√)
    【解析】 表示時間、距離、金錢、重量、數(shù)量等名詞的復數(shù)作主語時看作一個整體,謂語動詞要用單數(shù),容易錯誤理解為復數(shù)而出現(xiàn)第①句的錯誤。
    2. 由and連接的并列主語
    ①The twentieth lesson and last lesson are very easy for students. (×)
    ②The twentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. (√)
    【解析】 the twentieth lesson and last lesson是表示同一概念,譯為“第20課即最后一課”,因此謂語動詞應該用單數(shù)。同學們?nèi)菀族e誤理解“第20課和最后一課”,如果表示兩課,應該表達為“the twentieth lesson and the last lesson”。
    特別提醒 由and連接的并列主語表示同一概念時,謂語動詞用單數(shù),表示不同的概念時謂語動詞用復數(shù)。
    3. 就近原則
    ①Neither you nor he have been to Beijing. (×)
    ②Neither you nor he has been to Beijing. (√)
    【解析】 neither . . . nor連接的并列主語(you , he)雖然表示兩個人,但根據(jù)語言規(guī)則,當它連接并列主語的時候,謂語動詞根據(jù)就近原則,該由he決定,因此第②句正確。
    特別提醒 類似的還有either . . . or, not only . . . but also, not . . . but, 以及there be之后的并列主語,謂語動詞的確定都根據(jù)“就近原則”。
    4. this kind of, a piece of, this pair of等短語作主語
    ①This pair of trousers are very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (×)
    ②This pair of trousers is very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (√)
    【解析】 trousers作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù),但當它被this pair of修飾時謂語動詞由pair的單復數(shù)確定。因此第②句正確。
    特別提醒 this kind of, a piece of, a bag of, a box of等,這類短語作主語時謂語動詞的單復數(shù)由這些短語中的名詞決定,而與它們所修飾的名詞無關。
    5. the rest of,half of等短語作主語
    ①Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are very difficult. (×)
    ②Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. (√)
    【解析】 根據(jù)句意和句子結構可以判斷the rest of it中的it,指the work,而work是不可數(shù)名詞,因此第②句正確。
    特別提醒 all of, most of, half of, the rest of,以及a lot of, some, any+名詞作主語時,要根據(jù)后面的名詞確定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)。
    6. 一句話提示
    ①合成不定代詞(如something,anybody等)作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù);
    ②動名詞、不定式、從句作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù);
    ③a number of + 名詞(復)作主語,謂語用復數(shù),the number of + 名詞(復)作主語,謂語用單數(shù);
    ④none of . . . 作主語時,謂語動詞可用單數(shù),也可用復數(shù)。
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