2012高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:如何使用名詞性that從句

字號(hào):


    名詞性從句,指的是在句法上所起的作用與名詞所起的作用相同的那些從句,它包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞很多,但用得最多,且能同時(shí)引導(dǎo)這四類名詞性從句的首選that從句。同學(xué)們?cè)谑褂妹~性that從句時(shí),應(yīng)特別注意以下幾點(diǎn):
    一、名詞性that從句的功能特點(diǎn)
    that只起連接主句和從句的作用,在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分,本身也沒(méi)有詞義。名詞性that從句在句中能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等。如:
    That he will come is certain. 他將來(lái),這是肯定無(wú)疑的。(that 從句用作主語(yǔ))
    I noticed that he spoke English fluently. 我注意到他說(shuō)英語(yǔ)很流利。(that 從句用作賓語(yǔ))
    The problem is that we haven’t got enough money. 問(wèn)題就是我們還沒(méi)有足夠多的錢。(that 從句用作表語(yǔ))
    The fact that he loves Mary is clear to everyone. 他喜歡瑪麗這一事實(shí)是人人都清楚的。(that 從句用作同位語(yǔ))
    二、名詞性that從句用作介詞賓語(yǔ)
    在一般情況下,名詞性that從句不能用作介詞的賓語(yǔ),如不能說(shuō):
    They were worried over that you were sick.(誤)
    He must face up to that he is no longer young. (誤)
    There’s no getting away from that the country’s economy is suffering.(誤)
    關(guān)于這一問(wèn)題,請(qǐng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
    1. that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句一般不用作介詞賓語(yǔ),但可用于介詞except, but, in 等少數(shù)幾個(gè)介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如:
    The film is very good except that the ending is a little sad. 這部電影很不錯(cuò),只是結(jié)尾有點(diǎn)讓人傷心。
    But that he has a family, he would have left here long ago. 要不是他有一個(gè)家,他老早就會(huì)離開(kāi)英國(guó)了。
    2. 除 except, but, in 等幾少數(shù)幾個(gè)介詞外,其他介詞后若要接that從句作賓語(yǔ),則通常在介詞后先接名詞the fact 作賓語(yǔ),然后再后接that從句用作the fact 的同位語(yǔ)。如上面的幾個(gè)誤可分別改為:
    They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。
    He must face up to the fact that he is no longer young. 他應(yīng)該勇于正視自己不再年輕這一事實(shí)。
    There’s no getting away from the fact that the country’s economy is suffering. 國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)疲軟,這一事實(shí)無(wú)法回避。
    3. 在少數(shù)情況下,介詞后接that從句作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),可采用“介詞+it +that從句”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu),it 被看作是that的先行詞。如:
    You may depend on it that tomorrow will be fine. 你可以指望明天天晴。
    See to it that everything is ready in time. 務(wù)必要把一切都及時(shí)準(zhǔn)備好。
    注:有時(shí)還可以用于“動(dòng)詞+it+that從句”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
    I take it that they will succeed. 我認(rèn)為他會(huì)成功。
    三、引導(dǎo)詞that的省略情況
    that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),是連接詞,本身沒(méi)有意義,也不作任何句子成分,引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以省略,不過(guò)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)一般不省略。但是請(qǐng)注意以下幾種情況:
    1. 由that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí),that不省略。但是,當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句位于句尾,而用it來(lái)做它的形式主語(yǔ)時(shí),that是可以省略的。如人教社高二英語(yǔ)(下冊(cè))就有這樣一句:
    It’s a pity you missed the sports meeting last week. 你錯(cuò)過(guò)了上周的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì),真是遺憾。
    2. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that通常不省略,但在非正式語(yǔ)體中有時(shí)也可以省略。如人教社初中英語(yǔ)第三冊(cè)就有這么一例:
    The only problem is you can’t eat trees! 唯一的問(wèn)題是,你不能吃樹(shù)子。
    3. 在通常情況下,引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的that是可以省略的,但也并不是說(shuō)它在任何情況下都可以省略。如以下各例中的that就不宜省略:
    Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. (and 連接兩個(gè)名詞性從句,that從句放在and后面時(shí),that不能省略)
    I know nothing about him except that he is a student.(that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),that不能省略)
    We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been called off.(如果賓語(yǔ)從句有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),用it作形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí),that不省略)
    He judged that, because he was a child, he did not understand wine. (當(dāng)that從句和主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間或從句主語(yǔ)之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí),that不可省略)
    四、that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句和引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別
    1.從句法功能上來(lái)看:同位語(yǔ)從句中連接詞that在從句中不作句子成分,也沒(méi)有詞匯含義,只起連接作用,其作用大致相當(dāng)于一個(gè)冒號(hào);而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that是關(guān)系代詞,且在句中充當(dāng)句子的成分(主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ))。如:
    I hold the belief that where there is a will, there is a way. (that引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句,它在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分)
    The letter that I received yesterday was from my sister. (that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句,它在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ))
    2. 從意義上來(lái)看:同位語(yǔ)從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與作為中心詞的名詞所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是一樣的,兩者之間可以劃等號(hào);而定語(yǔ)從句則是限制或修飾中心詞的,中心詞所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容不等于定語(yǔ)從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。如:
    He told me the news that his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day. (that引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句,其中the news = his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day)
    This is the factory that we visited last month. (that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句,其中 the factory≠ we visited last month.)
    3.從中心名詞上來(lái)看:同位語(yǔ)從句中的中心名詞常是一些表示概括意義的抽象名詞,這類名詞有fact, idea, view, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, problem, proof, question 等。而定語(yǔ)從句中的中心名詞是沒(méi)有限定的。如:
    4.從是否可省略that來(lái)看:引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞that一般不能省略,而在定語(yǔ)從句中,that作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),可以省略。另外,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that若指事物,它可以用which來(lái)代替,而在同位語(yǔ)從句中,that 永遠(yuǎn)不能用which替代。
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