非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
顧名思義，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就是不能作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。包括：不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞和動(dòng)名詞。
1. 不定式的構(gòu)成
不定式是由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下to也可省略。不定式一般有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，通常有下表中的幾種形式(以do為例)：
主動(dòng)式被動(dòng)式
一般式to doto be done
完成式to have doneto have been done
進(jìn)行式to be doing/
完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing/
1) 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。如： They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請(qǐng)我們今年夏天去那兒。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過(guò)。
2) 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，它在句中可作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如：
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本來(lái)想告訴你這件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，在你們國(guó)家旅行這么多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。
3) 不定式的進(jìn)行式
不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它在句中可以用作除謂語(yǔ)以外的所有成分。如：
It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，這些天一直幫我們。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假裝在認(rèn)真地聽(tīng)老師講課。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我們沒(méi)料到你一直在這兒等我
4) 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式
如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作是謂語(yǔ)所表示時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就需要用完成進(jìn)行式。如：
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 據(jù)說(shuō)他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。
5) 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。如：
Try not to be late again next time. 盡量下次不要再遲到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠(yuǎn)不要再見(jiàn)到她。
6) 疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式：
不定式和疑問(wèn)詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如：
On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他不知道該哭還是該笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么時(shí)候開(kāi)會(huì)還沒(méi)有決定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到這么多錢(qián)。
介詞后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑問(wèn)詞+不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)。如：
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的建議。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎么做。
但是but和except后面可以跟不定式。如：
He did nothing but wander on the street. 他除了在街上閑逛外，沒(méi)有做什么。
I have no choice but to wait. 我除了等待以外別無(wú)其他選擇。
7) 不定式的被動(dòng)式：
當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式，to be +過(guò)去分詞和to have been +過(guò)去分詞。這些形式可以用來(lái)作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：
It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.
對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)，被老師責(zé)備是一件好事。
They seemed to be satisfied with the result. 他們似乎對(duì)結(jié)果很滿(mǎn)意。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往農(nóng)村工作。
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
她是會(huì)上最后一個(gè)被提到的人。
I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被聽(tīng)到。
We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time.
我們不喜歡我們的朋友不時(shí)地被嘲笑。
2. 不定式的語(yǔ)法作用
1) 不定式作主語(yǔ)：
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百聞不如一見(jiàn)。
To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一門(mén)外語(yǔ)不是一件容易的事。
在很多情況下，人們通常用it作為形式上的主語(yǔ)，而把不定式短語(yǔ)移到謂語(yǔ)之后，使句子顯得平穩(wěn)一些。如：
It’s good manners to wait in line. 排隊(duì)等候是很有禮貌的。
It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 聽(tīng)到他那樣跟他媽媽說(shuō)話我們很生氣。
2) 不定式作表語(yǔ)：
The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最重要的事情是把理論付諸實(shí)踐。
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而工作。
3) 不定式作賓語(yǔ)：
He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。
I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我寧愿被餓死也不愿乞討。
He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it. 我問(wèn)到他的時(shí)候，他假裝讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。
另外，不定式在某些復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，人們常常用it代表不定式，而將真實(shí)賓語(yǔ)放在補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后。如：
Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你認(rèn)為這樣翻譯是不是更好?
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我覺(jué)得被邀請(qǐng)?jiān)跁?huì)上面對(duì)這么多學(xué)生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。
4) 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：
①不定式可以和名詞或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，這時(shí)不定式被稱(chēng)為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：
I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想請(qǐng)你幫我做英語(yǔ)練習(xí)。
I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我從來(lái)沒(méi)想到鞋子這么快就穿破了。
注意：動(dòng)詞help后面接不定式作賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以帶to也可以不帶to。如：
Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 誰(shuí)能幫我拎這個(gè)重箱子?
②在make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞和hear, see, watch, notice, feel，observe等感官動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。
I often hear her sing in the next room. 我經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到她在隔壁唱歌。
They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day. 他們每天讓孩子晚上7：00上床睡覺(jué)。
注意：get, leave等詞也有“讓”“叫”的意思，和使役動(dòng)詞意思相近，但它們后面的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)必須要有to。如：
I’ll get him to try it again. 我將讓他再試一次。
How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger? 你怎么讓他跟一個(gè)陌生人一起吃晚飯?
注意：當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式必須加to。如：
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
盡管他經(jīng)常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他卻被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
He is often heard to sing the song. 經(jīng)常有人聽(tīng)到他唱這首歌。
③think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等動(dòng)詞后面接的不定式短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)多由to be+形容詞或名詞構(gòu)成，think, consider, find后的to be?？墒÷?。如：
When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured. 她醒來(lái)的時(shí)候，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己受了重傷。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.
我第一次見(jiàn)到她的時(shí)候就認(rèn)為她人很好，很誠(chéng)實(shí)。
含有此類(lèi)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式同樣被稱(chēng)之為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：
The young man was considered to have great promise. 這個(gè)年輕人被認(rèn)為大有前途。
The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形勢(shì)看來(lái)很使人鼓舞。
④以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)的句子中，動(dòng)詞不定式通常也可看作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：
More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.
據(jù)報(bào)道，有20多個(gè)人死于事故。
I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car.
他被汽車(chē)撞的時(shí)候，我碰巧在和他談話。
不定式作定語(yǔ)：
不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)通常放在其所修飾的名詞或代詞之后，以下幾種情況常用不定式作定語(yǔ)：
①能帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如：
He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.
他沒(méi)有遵守諾言定期給他父母親寫(xiě)信。
My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable. 我想成為一個(gè)教師的愿望是可以理解的。
②常與不定式搭配的形容詞，其同源名詞一般可以帶不定式作定語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。如：
His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.
他急切地想準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成工作是很明顯的。
We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.
我們欣賞他能把一門(mén)外語(yǔ)說(shuō)得這么好。
③序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或被only, last, next等詞修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語(yǔ)。如：
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.他總是第一個(gè)來(lái)最后一個(gè)離開(kāi)。
The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.下一個(gè)出席會(huì)議的人是貝克先生。
④還有一些名詞經(jīng)常帶不定式作定語(yǔ)。如：person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如：
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
我們學(xué)生應(yīng)該有勇氣面對(duì)任何困難。
He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.
他沒(méi)有理由離開(kāi)他的朋友獨(dú)自住到島上去。
⑤不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)與被修飾的名詞之間有意義上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果該不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，它后面需加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如：
There is nothing to worry about. 沒(méi)什么可擔(dān)心的。
There are many interesting books to choose from, but I don’t know which to borrow.
有很多有趣的書(shū)可以挑選，但我不知道該借哪一本。
6) 不定式作狀語(yǔ)：
不定式作狀語(yǔ)可以表示行為的目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。
① 不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.
為了保護(hù)幼苗不被太陽(yáng)曬壞，媽媽把它們放到了陰涼處。
He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.
今天早上他起身很早以免上學(xué)再遲到。
注意：so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。
②不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。如：
The question is too difficult for me to answer. 對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題很難回答。
He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself. 他說(shuō)他足夠聰明可以獨(dú)自應(yīng)付這件事。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 請(qǐng)你幫我把收音機(jī)調(diào)低一點(diǎn)好嗎?
He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在醫(yī)院里。
注意：too…to通常表示太……而不……，但在下列句子中沒(méi)有否定的意思。
She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。
He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考試結(jié)果。
另外還有ready(現(xiàn)成的，樂(lè)意的), eager(迫切的)，inclined(偏于…的)，apt(易于)。
③不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)，通常用來(lái)修飾表示情感、心理狀態(tài)、性格等的形容詞。常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如：
They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他們很驚訝。
We are proud to be young people of new China. 成為新中國(guó)的青年，我們感到很驕傲。
另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等詞也可以接動(dòng)詞不定式。這時(shí)候，作句子主語(yǔ)的除了是表示人的詞外，還可以是表示物的詞。如：
The water is not fit to drink. 這水不適合飲用。
The room is very comfortable to live in. 這個(gè)房間住起來(lái)很舒服。
注意：后兩句中的不定式與句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，此時(shí)如果不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，則需要帶上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。
3. 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
1) 不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成
不定式在使用時(shí)通常有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，一般可以是句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，或者由物主代詞暗示出來(lái)。如：
They plan to build a hotel. 他們計(jì)劃建造一個(gè)酒店。
His father sent him abroad to study literature. 他父親送他出國(guó)去學(xué)文學(xué)。
I could see her eagerness to go abroad. 我可以看出他急切地想出國(guó)。
但有時(shí)需要明確表示出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)(即不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者)，此時(shí)一般用for/of +名詞(代詞)短語(yǔ)+不定式來(lái)構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人們用電做飯是很昂貴的。
It’s careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤真是粗心。
2) 不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)法作用
不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。
①不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，通常用it 作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)來(lái)代替不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
It’s necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. 貨物很有必要用堅(jiān)固的箱子打包。
They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.
他們認(rèn)為我們要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。
②不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。如：
That’s for you to decide. 那個(gè)由你來(lái)決定。
For the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before.
為了能通過(guò)考試，學(xué)生們應(yīng)該比以往更認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)。
I have some books for you to read. 我有幾本書(shū)送給你讀。
注：1. 不定式不帶to的規(guī)則：
前面我們已經(jīng)談到，在一些使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞后的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to常常省略，下面還有幾種情況請(qǐng)大家注意：
① 動(dòng)詞原形come, go等在口語(yǔ)中可接不帶to的不定式。如：
Go tell her. 去告訴他。
Come have a glass. 來(lái)喝一杯。
② 在why引起的一些疑問(wèn)句中，疑問(wèn)詞直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或not+動(dòng)詞原形。如：
Why spend so much money? 為什么花這么多錢(qián)?
Why not let her have a try? 為什么不再讓她試一試?
③ 在had better(還是……最好), had best(最好，頂好), would rather(寧可，寧愿), would rather…than(寧可……而不……), would sooner(寧可，寧愿), would sooner…than(寧可……而不……), cannot but(不得不，必然), cannot choose but(只得), cannot help but(不得不)等結(jié)構(gòu)后直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或not +動(dòng)詞原形。如：
You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好聽(tīng)一聽(tīng)老師的看法。
I would rather work than stay idle. 我寧愿工作而不愿閑坐。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他寧愿擠公共汽車(chē)也不愿騎自行車(chē)。
Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 劉胡蘭寧死不屈。
One’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.
一個(gè)人的世界觀必然在他的言行中表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。
④ 在介詞but, except之前如有動(dòng)詞do的任一形式，其后的動(dòng)詞不定式不用to。如：
Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理農(nóng)具外，沒(méi)有做其它的事情。
Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 現(xiàn)在他只有認(rèn)輸。
如but 之前沒(méi)有do，其后的不定式則一般要加to。如：
I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我們別無(wú)選擇，只好乘出租車(chē)了。
They desired nothing but to succeed. 他們只想成功。
⑤在出現(xiàn)并列的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，后面的不定式符號(hào)to可省略。如：
I really don’t know what to say and do. 我真的不知道該說(shuō)什么，該干什么。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?
你能不能幫我打電話給他，叫他下午兩點(diǎn)來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)?
但如果兩個(gè)不定式有對(duì)比的意思，則不定式符號(hào)to不可被省去。如：
I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是來(lái)夸你的，不是來(lái)罵你的。
The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技術(shù)的目的是為了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艱難。
1. 動(dòng)詞不定式的省略問(wèn)題：
上文中出現(xiàn)了某一動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，下文中再遇到此動(dòng)詞的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，往往要省略動(dòng)詞不定式，但通常省略動(dòng)詞原形或短語(yǔ)而保留不定式符號(hào)to，一般有下面幾種情況：
① 含有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等+動(dòng)詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)：
---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該去看醫(yī)生嗎?
---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的，我想你應(yīng)該去。
She must go but you don’t have to. 她必須走，但你沒(méi)有必要。
② 含有動(dòng)詞want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等+不定式作賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)：
---Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看長(zhǎng)城了嗎?
---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本來(lái)想去的，但我太忙了。
You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的話，你可以和他們一起去。
③ 含有動(dòng)詞如ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等+不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)：
Don’t do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父親叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。
---May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽車(chē)嗎?
---No, I forbid you to. 不，我禁止你使用。
④ 對(duì)話的答語(yǔ)中含有形容詞如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等+不定式作表語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)：
---Will you lend me a hand? 你能幫我一個(gè)忙嗎?
---I’m willing to, but I can’t now. 我很愿意，但我現(xiàn)在不行。
---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow? 明天下午來(lái)參加我的生日聚會(huì)好嗎?
---I’ll be glad to. 我很樂(lè)意。
2. 不定式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別：
動(dòng)詞不定式在句中究竟用主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，有時(shí)比較復(fù)雜。主要有下面幾種情況：
① 不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。如：
Have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有開(kāi)門(mén)的鑰匙嗎?
② 不定式做后置定語(yǔ)，和被修飾名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)形式，不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其后應(yīng)加相應(yīng)的介詞。如：
Do you have anything to say on this question? 針對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題你還有什么要說(shuō)的嗎?
He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一個(gè)合作愉快的人。
③ 不定式作表語(yǔ)形容詞的狀語(yǔ)，和句子主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式多用主動(dòng)形式，不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)要加相應(yīng)的介詞。如：
The fish is delicious to eat. 這魚(yú)很好吃。
The chair is comfortable to sit on. 這把椅子坐起來(lái)很舒服。
④ 在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)說(shuō)話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式;如果說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成，則用被動(dòng)形式。如：
There is nothing to worry about. 沒(méi)什么可擔(dān)心的。
There is a lot of work to do. 有許多事情要做。(表示某人必須做這工作)
注意下面兩個(gè)句子的含義：
There is a lot of work to be done. (強(qiáng)調(diào)有許多事情必須做。)
There is nothing to be done. (強(qiáng)調(diào)出了某事，現(xiàn)在沒(méi)辦法解決。)
3. for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法區(qū)別：
句型“It is +形容詞+for somebody+不定式”中的形容詞通常強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式的行為屬性，如：important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。
It’s difficult for us to finish the work within two hours. 我們要在兩小時(shí)之內(nèi)完成工作是很難的。
It’s reasonable for them to run away so quickly. 他們這么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。
“It is +形容詞+of somebody+不定式”中的形容詞表示人物性格和特征。如：kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。
It’s kind of you to think so much of us. 難為你這么為我們著想。
It’s silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket 這個(gè)男孩真傻，一直往籃子里倒水。
4. 高中階段能接不定式的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞：
能接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有：want(想要), like(喜歡), wish(希望), hate(憎恨，討厭), prefer(寧愿), hope(希望), fail(失敗), plan(計(jì)劃), refuse(拒絕), ask(要求),continue(繼續(xù))，manage(設(shè)法), try(盡力), offer(提供), start(開(kāi)始), begin(開(kāi)始), forget(忘記), remember(記得), promise(答應(yīng)), mean(打算), pretend(假裝), intend(想，打算), attempt(嘗試，企圖), decide(決定), learn(學(xué)會(huì)), desire(渴望，請(qǐng)求), agree(同意), care(關(guān)心，喜歡), choose(選擇), determine(下決心), expect(期望), afford(負(fù)擔(dān)得起，買(mǎi)得起)等。
能接不定式做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel等;使役動(dòng)詞make, let, have 等;還有一般的動(dòng)詞如advise(建議), allow(允許), ask, beg(乞求), command(命令，指揮), tell(告訴), invite(邀請(qǐng)), force(強(qiáng)迫), oblige(強(qiáng)迫), get(致使), help(幫助), wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage(鼓勵(lì)), persuade(說(shuō)服), permit(允許，許可), remind(使想起，提醒), request(請(qǐng)求，要求), order(命令), warn(警告，提醒), cause(引起)等。
5. 高中階段常見(jiàn)的不定式短語(yǔ)：
高中階段常見(jiàn)的一些不定式短語(yǔ)可以作謂語(yǔ)，如：be able to do(能，會(huì)), be about to do(即將做……), used to do(過(guò)去常?！?, be glad to do(樂(lè)意做……), would like to do(想要做……),be likely to do(很可能做……), go all out to do something全力以赴,be supposed to do應(yīng)該等。
高中階段還有一些不定式短語(yǔ)可以作狀語(yǔ)修飾整個(gè)句子，也可以稱(chēng)它們?yōu)椴迦胝Z(yǔ)。如：to tell you the truth(說(shuō)老實(shí)話)，to be frank(坦率地說(shuō)), to begin with(首先), to be brief(簡(jiǎn)言之), to make a long story short(長(zhǎng)話短說(shuō)), to be exact(精確地說(shuō)), to say nothing of(姑且不說(shuō))，to conclude(總而言之), to be sure(誠(chéng)然、固然)， to do him justice(說(shuō)句對(duì)他公道的話),so to speak(可以這么說(shuō)、打個(gè)譬喻說(shuō))等。
To tell you the truth, I hate him. 說(shuō)老實(shí)話，我恨他。
To be frank, I don’t agree with what you said. 坦率地說(shuō)，我不同意你說(shuō)的話。
選擇填空：
1. I’ve heard him ______ about you often.
A. speak B. speaks C. spoke D. speaking
2. I went to see him, _______ him out.
A. finding B. find C. only to find D. to finding
3. He didn’t know _______ or stay.
A. to leave B. if that he should leave C. if to leave D. whether to leave
4. ---Will the Smiths go abroad this summer? ---No, they finally decided _______ .
A. to B. not going C. not to D. not to be going
5. ---I usually go there by train. ---Why not _______ by boat for a change.
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
6. He pretended _______ nothing about it.
A. know B. to know C. knowing D. knew
7. Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
8. They would not allow him _______ across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to going C. for risk to go D. risk going
9. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind _______ to buy.
A. what B. which C. how D. where
10. Charles Babbage is generally considered _______ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
11. The missing boys were last seen _______ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
12. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
13. I regret _______ you that we are unable to offer you employment.
A. informing B. having informed C. to inform D. to informing
14. You had better get a doctor _______ your bad tooth.
A. pull out B. to pull out C. pulled out D. pulling out
15. The matter had better _______ as it is.
A. leave B. being left C. leaving D. be left
16. He was so foolish _______ his car unlocked.
A. to leave B. that leave C. as to leave D. for him to leave
17. Almost everyone fails _______ the driving test on the first try.
A. passing B. to have passed C. to pass D. in passing
18. The girl was made _______ she didn’t love at all.
A. marry a man B. to marry a man C. to marry with a man D. married with a man
19. The man will use what he has _______ a camera for his wife.
A. to get B. got C. buy D bought
20. .To answer correctly is more important than _______ .
A. a quick finish B. to finish quickly C. finishing quickly D. you finish quick
21. Tom kept quiet about the accident _______ lose his job.
A. so as not to B. so not as to C. so as to not D. not so as to
22. I felt it an honor _______ to speak here.
A. to ask B. asking C. to be asked D. having asked
23. ---I’d like to buy an expensive camera.
---Well, we have several models _______ .
A. to choose from B. to choose C. to be chosen D. for choice
24. _______ to the left and you’ll see the post office.
A. To turn B. Turning C. Turned D. Turn
25. Will you be able to attend the lecture next week?
A. giving B. given C. to be given D. being given
Ⅱ. 句子改錯(cuò)：
1. I don’t know if to help him or not.
2. She can’t help cleaning the house because she’s busy making a cake.
3. We all hope you to make rapid progress.
4. The results of the research are to publish soon.
5. It is too heavy for me to lift it.
6. It’s awfully good for you to come and meet us.
7. These are very good books for your children to be read.
8. He did what he could help me with my physics.
9. Let’s find a place to put the things.
10. It would be easier to climb over the mountain than going round the valley.
I. 選擇填空：
1---5 ACDCD 6---10 BAABC
11---15 ACCBD 16---20 CCBAB
21---25 ACADC
II. 句子改錯(cuò)：
1. if →whether 2. cleaning →to clean 3. hope →wish 4. publish →be published
5. lift it →lift 6. for →of 7. be read →read 8. help →to help 9. things →things in 10. going →to go
-ing分詞
1. -ing分詞的構(gòu)成
-ing分詞是由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。-ing分詞同樣有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，通常有下表幾種形式(以do為例)：
主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式
一般式doingbeing done
完成式having donehaving been done
-ing分詞的否定形式是由not 加-ing分詞構(gòu)成。如：
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等著。
His not coming made all of us angry. 他沒(méi)來(lái)使我們大家都很生氣。
2. -ing分詞的一般式和完成式：
-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;完成式表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：
Being a student, he was interested in books. 作為一個(gè)學(xué)生，他對(duì)書(shū)本很感興趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因?yàn)闆](méi)有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課，他考試不及格。
3. -ing分詞的被動(dòng)式：
-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式表示它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是-ing分詞動(dòng)作的承受者。根據(jù)-ing分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，-ing分詞的被動(dòng)式有一般被動(dòng)式(being done)和完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)。如：
The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問(wèn)題很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他從來(lái)沒(méi)談起過(guò)他被記者采訪的事情。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老師批評(píng)以后，他把煙戒了。
注意：在need, want, require, be worth等動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))后，作賓語(yǔ)的-ing分詞常用主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)含義。如：
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 這本書(shū)很值得一看。
4. -ing分詞的語(yǔ)法作用
-ing分詞一方面具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。
1)–ing分詞(短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ)：
Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 產(chǎn)卵是蟻后的專(zhuān)職工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 說(shuō)比做容易。
在下面兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中，-ing分詞也作主語(yǔ)。
①為了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主語(yǔ)，而把真實(shí)主語(yǔ)放在句末。如：
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無(wú)益的后悔是沒(méi)有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辯論這事是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
②在There is no結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常用-ing分詞。如：
There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史車(chē)輪不可阻擋。
2) -ing分詞(短語(yǔ))作表語(yǔ)：
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的愛(ài)好是收集郵票。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題很令人困惑。
3) -ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)：
①–ing分詞作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li's class. 我們喜歡聽(tīng)李老師的課。
②-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)也可用在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作真正的賓語(yǔ)，而用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。如：
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place. 我認(rèn)為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺(jué)得再試一次會(huì)有好處嗎?
③-ing分詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)，經(jīng)常用在一些短語(yǔ)的后面。如：
I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反對(duì)邀請(qǐng)他來(lái)吃飯。
They don’t feel like walking that much. 他們不喜歡走那么多路。
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter. 他去了倫敦，希望能成為一個(gè)著名的畫(huà)家。
此類(lèi)短語(yǔ)還有很多。如：look forward to(渴望，盼望), be proud of(以……自豪), be responsible for(對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)), insist on(堅(jiān)持), think of(考慮，想到), dream of(夢(mèng)想), object to(反對(duì)，抗議), hear of(聽(tīng)說(shuō)), prevent…from(防止，阻止), keep…from(防止，阻止), stop…from(防止，阻止), be engaged in(從事于), depend on(依靠，依賴(lài)), thank…for(因……而道謝), excuse…for(因……而道歉), aim at(目的在于), devote…to(獻(xiàn)身于), set about(著手做), be/get used to(習(xí)慣于), be fond of(喜歡), be afraid of(害怕), be tired of(對(duì)……厭煩), succeed in(成功地做……), be interested in(對(duì)……感興趣), be ashamed of(對(duì)……感到羞愧)等等。
注意：在有些句子中，介詞?？墒∪ァＨ纾?BR> I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外國(guó)人交談方面沒(méi)有什么困難。
He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 過(guò)去他?；ê芏鄷r(shí)間玩游戲。
What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我們結(jié)婚?
另外，-ing分詞可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。如：
He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句話也沒(méi)說(shuō)就提前離開(kāi)了。
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.
除了做飯和縫紉以外，她還要照顧四個(gè)孩子。
On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息后，所有的學(xué)生都高興得跳了起來(lái)。
4) -ing分詞作定語(yǔ)：
①單個(gè)的分詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：
reading room 閱覽室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐車(chē)
sleeping car 臥車(chē) singing competition 歌詠比賽 waiting room 候車(chē)室
a waiting car 一輛等待著的車(chē) a sleeping child一個(gè)酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飛魚(yú)
the exciting news令人振奮的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出
②-ing分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如：
Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在門(mén)邊的同志是誰(shuí)?
They lived in a house facing south. 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
③–ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，常用逗號(hào)和句子其它部分分開(kāi)。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌詞一般講當(dāng)前的工作，大部分是他自己寫(xiě)的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 當(dāng)她出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地跑了過(guò)去。
5) -ing分詞做狀語(yǔ)：
-ing分詞作狀語(yǔ)可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①-ing分詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)可由連詞when, while引出。如：
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一邊看書(shū)，一邊不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫(huà)，他想起了她的童年。
②-ing分詞短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him. 因?yàn)椴恢浪牡刂?，我不能把這本書(shū)送給他。
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night. 因?yàn)榉浅＜?dòng)，那晚我們?cè)S多人都沒(méi)睡著。
③–ing分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父親死了，留給他許多錢(qián)。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她非常生氣，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。
④-ing分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間，表示主語(yǔ)的另一個(gè)、較次要的動(dòng)作。如：
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他們?cè)谀莾赫玖税胄r(shí)，觀察著天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
年輕人跟在老人的后面開(kāi)始慢慢地走起來(lái)。
⑤-ing分詞間或也可作條件狀語(yǔ)和讓步狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.
一個(gè)人如站在大山的腳下會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很渺小。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。
注：-ing分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)。
⑥“with/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+-ing分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或時(shí)間、原因等。如：
His hair became grey with the years passing. 隨著時(shí)間的推移，他的頭發(fā)變花白了。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 沒(méi)人注意，他從窗戶(hù)溜了出去。
6) -ing分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：
①--ing分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等動(dòng)詞后面和一個(gè)名詞或代詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下車(chē)的時(shí)候注意到一個(gè)男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來(lái)。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一個(gè)小孩在偷東西。
②上面這類(lèi)句子也可變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)，-ing分詞可看成是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 讓我們等了好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人們?cè)僖矝](méi)有聽(tīng)到吉麗唱這首歌了。
5. -ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：
-ing分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)通常由物主代詞、人稱(chēng)代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+-ing分詞構(gòu)成，在句子開(kāi)頭時(shí)必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格，通常在句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。如：
His coming made us very happy. 他的到來(lái)使我們大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲門(mén)聲吵醒了。
1. –ing分詞作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)時(shí)與不定式的區(qū)別：
-ing分詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的主要區(qū)別在于：在表示比較抽象的一般的多次性行為時(shí)多用-ing分詞;在表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作，特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式。如：
Smoking is forbidden here. (泛指吸煙)這里禁止吸煙。
It’s not good for you to smoke so much. (指你吸煙)吸這么多煙對(duì)你的身體不好。
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教書(shū)。
My job is to teach you English this term. 我這一學(xué)期的工作是教你們英語(yǔ)。
2. 高中階段能接-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞：
mind(介意), suggest(建議), enjoy(欣賞，), admit(承認(rèn)), appreciate(感激，欣賞), avoid(避免), delay(推遲), dislike(不喜歡，厭惡), escape(逃脫), finish(完成), forgive(寬恕), imagine(想象), keep(保持), miss(錯(cuò)過(guò)), practise(訓(xùn)練), resist(抵抗，抵制), risk(冒險(xiǎn)), deny(拒絕，否認(rèn)), consider(考慮)等。
3. 有些動(dòng)詞既能接不定式，又能接-ing分詞，含義有所不同。如：
①forget, remember, regret等詞后面接不定式表示不定式動(dòng)作后于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作，而后接-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)表示分詞動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作。如：
Do you remember seeing me before? 你記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)我嗎?
Remember to lock the door when you leave. 離開(kāi)時(shí)要記得鎖門(mén)。
②動(dòng)詞mean, stop, try, go on等動(dòng)詞后面接分詞和接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，意思也有所不同。如：
I try not to think about that. 我盡量不去想那件事。
Would you please try doing that again? 請(qǐng)你再試一次好嗎?
I mean to change it for another one. 我想換成另外一個(gè)。
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 誤了這班車(chē)就意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。
Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.
做完練習(xí)以后，我們繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)下一單元的單詞。
After a short rest, they went on working. 短暫地休息以后，他們又繼續(xù)工作。
He stopped talking when the bell rang. 鈴響的時(shí)候，他停止了講話。
While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 工作的時(shí)候，他不時(shí)地停下來(lái)和湯姆談話。
注意：有時(shí)人們把stop后的動(dòng)詞不定式理解為目的狀語(yǔ)。
③動(dòng)詞allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分詞作賓語(yǔ)，不可以接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但可接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如：
Please permit me to say a few words. 請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我說(shuō)幾句話。
We don’t permit smoking here. 我們這兒不允許吸煙。
?
| 中考政策 | 中考狀元 | 中考飲食 | 中考備考輔導(dǎo) | 中考復(fù)習(xí)資料 |