副詞
副詞的作用是修飾動詞，也可以修飾形容詞和其他副詞甚至整個(gè)句子，用以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、狀態(tài)或程度。
中考熱點(diǎn)：程度副詞及頻率副詞的用法，詞義辨析和級
1.副詞的種類
1)按照詞意，副詞有下列幾種：
①時(shí)間副詞：today 今天，yesterday 昨天，now 現(xiàn)在，soon 很快，already 已經(jīng)，before在……以前(時(shí)間副詞是確定句子時(shí)態(tài)的重要標(biāo)志，所以一定要牢固掌握不同失態(tài)的時(shí)間標(biāo)志)
②地點(diǎn)副詞：here 在這里，there 在那里，in 在家，out 在外，home 家(地點(diǎn)副詞和動詞連用時(shí)不加介詞)
③程度副詞：almost 幾乎，enough 足夠，very 很，much 很，nearly 幾乎(有些程度副詞可以修飾形容詞的原級，有些副詞常用來修飾形容詞的比較級)
④方式副詞：slowly 慢慢地，fast 快快地 ，carefully 仔細(xì)地，badly 糟糕地，well 好(方式副詞大多數(shù)由“adj.+ly”構(gòu)成)
⑤頻度副詞：often 經(jīng)常，always 總是，usually 通常，sometimes 有時(shí)，never 從不，seldom 很少 ，once 曾經(jīng)(頻度副詞放在實(shí)義動詞前，助/系/情態(tài)動詞后)(頻度副詞屬于時(shí)間副詞)
⑥其它副詞：also也,either也,only僅僅，perhaps可能
⑦關(guān)系副詞：where, when, why, how等。(關(guān)系副詞常用來引導(dǎo)從句)
⑧疑問副詞：where, when, why, how, how long, how often, how soon, how far等。(疑問副詞常用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句)
例題1：—Is the physics problem ____?
—Yes, I can work it out ______.
A .easy, easily B. easy, easy C. easily, easy D. easily, easily
例題2：–I didn’t know you take a bus to school.
-Oh, I ______ take a bus, but it is snowing today.
A. hardly B. never C. sometimes D. usually
例題3：Remember to e-mail me. All of us hope to hear from you _________.
A. quickly B. soon C. fast D. quick
2)按照結(jié)構(gòu)，副詞可分為：
①簡單副詞：hard, once, often, soon, far
②合成副詞(或復(fù)合副詞，由兩個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成)：tonight 今晚，nowhere 沒有地方，meanwhile 在期間，sometime 在某時(shí)。
③短語副詞(通過連詞把兩個(gè)副詞連接起來的詞組)：now and then 不時(shí)地，here and there 到處，up and down 上上下下，again and again 一次又一次地。
④派生副詞(通常在形容詞詞尾加后綴-ly而成副詞)：happy--happily 幸福地，quick--quickly 迅速地，slow--slowly 緩慢地，usual--usually 通常
2.副詞的用法
①作狀語：主要用于修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞或全句。
He is working hard on the problem.。(修飾動詞)
The boy is too young to it..(修飾形容詞)
The girl swims quite far. (修飾副詞)
Unfortunately, he was out.(修飾整個(gè)句子)
②作表語：作表語的副詞多數(shù)是表示位置或狀態(tài)的，如：in, on, out, back, down, up, off, away, upstairs。
Tom, is your father in?
Sorry, he is out.
Class is over.
③少數(shù)地點(diǎn)副詞和時(shí)間副詞可以做定語，此時(shí)副詞作定語和介詞做定語一樣，一律放在所修飾詞的后面。
The new words below are easy to remember.
The weather here is very hot in July.
She always meets him on her way home.
④作賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)：
When the young man got off the bus, he nearly knocked the child down .
“Don’t leave me alone at home.” The boy cried.
May I ask the girl in?
⑤修飾介詞短語：
He was then nearly to the top of Mount Tai.
He is often out of tune whenever he sings.
例題4：Her mother was out. She stayed at home___, but she didn't feel ___.
A. alone, lonely B. lonely alone C. alone, lonely D. lonely, alone
例題5：I can type _________ than I can write by hand.
A. fast B. more faster C. much faster D. fastest
3. 副詞的位置
1)地點(diǎn)副詞、時(shí)間副詞和方式副詞一般放在句末。如：
It’s raining hard outside.(地點(diǎn)副詞)
They met in China last year.(時(shí)間副詞)
The students are reading English loudly.(方式副詞)
注：①有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可把時(shí)間副詞放在句首。
Tomorrow I’ll meet him at the station.
②時(shí)間副詞和地點(diǎn)副詞前一定不要加介詞。
She is on her way home.
They met in China last year.
2)頻度副詞在句中的位置有兩種：
①實(shí)義動詞之前：
I usually play football on Friday afternoon.
I seldom watch TV.
②be動詞、情態(tài)動詞和第一助動詞之后：
Mr. Green is always busy.
I have ever seen him before
He can never understand.
3)程度副詞有下列兩種情況
①修飾動詞時(shí)，它在劇中的位置與頻度副詞的情況相似。
He is almost forty years old.(在be動詞之后)
He can hardly understand you.(情態(tài)動詞之后)
I really like the boy.(在實(shí)義動詞之前)
②修飾形容詞、副詞時(shí)，放在它所修飾的形容詞和副詞的后邊。
He studies much harder now.
He runs fast enough. (enough放在它所修飾的形容詞或副詞的后面)
The computer is good enough.
例題6：If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ________ great it is.
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
4. 副詞的排列順序
①地點(diǎn)副詞、時(shí)間副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。
She was born in Shenyang Liaoning province.
He went to Beijing on Monday last week.
②方式副詞，短的在前，長的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。
Please write slowly and carefully.
③多個(gè)不同副詞排列：程度+方式副詞+地點(diǎn)+時(shí)間副詞。
They played fairly well there yesterday.
The children played games very quietly in their room yesterday.
注意：①副詞very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動詞。
改錯(cuò)：(錯(cuò)) I very like English.
(對) I like English very much.
②副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
例題7：Don’t worry, sir. I’m sure I can turn ______ to catch up with them. (2005廈門)
A. fast enough B. enough fast C. slowly enough D. enough slowly
5.副詞比較等級的用法
1) 副詞的比較級和最高級與形容詞一樣的比較級和最高級用法基本相同.
①一般構(gòu)成規(guī)律：
詞的特征變 化例 詞
原 級比較級最高級
一般單音節(jié)詞直接加-er, -eststrong
highstronger
higherstrongest
highest
以e結(jié)尾的詞加-r, -stwide
nicewider
nicerwidest
nicest
以單個(gè)輔音字母(非r)結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)詞雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加-er, -estfat
thinfatter
thinnerfattest
thinnest
以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞變y為i，再加-er,-estheavy
happyheavier
happierheaviest
happiest
少數(shù)以-er, -ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞直接加-er; -estclever
narrowcleverer
narrowercleverest
narrowest
多數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞
多音節(jié)詞和
源于分詞的形容詞在原級前加more, moststupid
difficult
tiredmore stupid
more difficult
more tiredmost stupid
most difficult
most tired
②常見的不規(guī)則變化：
原 級比較級最高級
good/wellbetterbest
bad/badly/illworseworst
many/muchmoremost
littlelessleast
farfarther(較遠(yuǎn)) / further(進(jìn)一步)farthest(最遠(yuǎn)) / furthest(最大限度)
oldolder(年紀(jì)較大的) / elder(教年長的)oldest(年紀(jì) 大的) / eldest(最年長的)
注：①三者或三者以上進(jìn)行比較，用最高級。形容詞最高級前必須加 the;副詞的最高級不用加 the。其后可帶 of 或 in 等短語(表明比較的范圍)。
Susan works hardest in our class.
例題8：Jack did quite ________ in the English competition. Herry did even ______.
A. better, well B. good, better C. well, better D. well, good
例題9：-Do you think she is the most clever girl?
-_____________.
A. More or less B. Most or least C. Much or little D. Many or few
②在兩者進(jìn)行比較表示“A不如B”時(shí)，部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)副詞除使用“not…as/so+副詞原級+as”結(jié)構(gòu)外，還可以用“l(fā)ess+副詞原級+than”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Bill didn’t do his homework as carefully as Jim. = Bill did his homework less carefully than Jim.
例題10：Jim is running _____ Bruce. They're neck and neck。
A. faster than B. as fast as C. as faster as D. more slowly than
例題11：The match was really fantastic, when Smith scored in the last minute.
A. probably B. exactly C. especially D. mostly
例題12：—What do you think of Zhou Jielun?
—Oh, he is my favorite singer. I think no one can sing ______.
A. good B. well C. better D. best
6.兼有兩種形式的副詞
①close與closely
close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔細(xì)地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
②late 與lately
late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
③deep與deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空間深度;deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
④high與highly
high表示空間高度;highly表示程度，相當(dāng)于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
⑤wide與widely
wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地"，"在許多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
⑥free與freely
free的意思是"免費(fèi)";freely 的意思是"無限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
7.一些常見副詞用法的區(qū)別
①ago與before
ago：表示以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)的“以前”。用于一般過去時(shí)，與表示一段時(shí)間的詞或短語連用。
He came back an hour ago. (不能用 before)
She worked here in this factory 20 years ago.(不用 before)
before：指以過去或?qū)淼哪骋粫r(shí)刻為基準(zhǔn)的“以前”，也泛指以前。常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的句子里，與表示點(diǎn)的時(shí)間連用。
He had finished all the homework before school was over a t 5∶30.
They had already had their supper before I came back home.
②too，enough和so
too ：用于形容詞或副詞之前，表示“太，過分，很”。用于too…to…表示否定意義“太…而不能…”
Don't eat too much sugar!
This river is too dangerous for the children to swim in.
It's too high for me to climb up.
注意：too 與某些形容詞如 eager(渴望的)，easy(容易的)，ready(準(zhǔn)備的)，kind(好的)，anxious(焦急的)等連用時(shí)，其后的不定式不含否定的意思。這時(shí) too 相當(dāng)于very。
The man from Taiwan is too eager to go home and see his old mother.
You are too kind to show me the way.
enough：“足夠”作副詞使用時(shí)，經(jīng)常放在被修飾的形容詞、副詞或動詞的后面。用于“adj./adv原級+enough to…”表示“足夠…能…”
Is this water clean enough to drink?
Has he eaten enough?
Your mother is not well enough.
so：“如此”，用于so…that…表示“如此…以至于…”
The camera is so expensive that I can’t afford it.
例題13：We arrived _______ late that there were no seats left.
A. much B. too C. so D. very
例題14：They were ________ pleased to see each other that they forgot everything else.
A. much B. so C. very D. quite
③much too 與 too much：
much too： 用于修飾形容詞或副詞的原級，表示“非常，及其，太”，強(qiáng)調(diào)“實(shí)在…”或“太…”的語氣。much和too都是副詞，much修飾too,用以加強(qiáng)語氣，中心詞是too。
It's much too expensive!
The shoes are much too tight for me.
The soup is much too salty!
There are too many people in the supermarket.
too much： 用于修飾不可數(shù)名詞，表示“太多”，其本身也可以作代詞或副詞使用，中心詞是much，toot修飾much,以加強(qiáng)語氣。與too many相對， too many 修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。
You drink too much!
It's harmful for your health to eat too much sugar.
Too much has been done to it.
注：much too 與 too much 去掉修飾語看中心詞，句意不變放心用;much可接不可數(shù)(n.),too 則修飾形(adj.)或副(adv.)
④so 與 such
so ：用于修飾形容詞或副詞，意為“如此地”;而such用于修飾名詞(such為形容詞)，意思是“如此的”。
I've never read so interesting a book before.
It's such a difficult problem that I have to do m uch to work it out.
so ：可以用于修飾many、much、few、little等與名詞構(gòu)成的短語，但such不可以這樣使
用。
There's so little time left that we have to take a taxi to the r ailway station.
He is lonely and has so few friends.
(口訣：名前such，形副 so，多多少少也用so。 little屬特殊，“小”用 such，“少”用 so。)
例題15： I’m afraid that he’ll forget it if he misses __________ many lessons.
A. such B. so C. as D. so that
⑤quickly, fast 和 soon
quickly： 意思是指某一動作“迅速完成”，含有“從發(fā)生到結(jié)束毫不耽誤”的意思;
fast：則是強(qiáng)調(diào)某一運(yùn)動速度之快;
soon：的含義主要是指未來將要發(fā)生的動作(或狀態(tài))或是過去短時(shí)間之后發(fā)生的動作(或狀態(tài))。
She speaks so fast that I don't catch her words.
The girl quickly picked up some grapes and handed them to us.
It will soon be twenty years since they came to work in Beijing.
⑥almost 與 nearly
通常這兩個(gè)詞可以通用，都可以修飾名詞形容詞或動詞，表示“幾乎”，“差一點(diǎn)”。
The woman is nearly/almost sixty.
當(dāng)修飾不容易衡量其程度的事物時(shí)，要用 almost 而不應(yīng)該用 nearly。
She almost missed the flight.
表示全部肯定或全部否定的詞，如all, every, no, never, nothing, nobody, none 等可以用almost 修飾而不能用 nearly。
Almost everybody in the class took part in the sports meet。
Almost none of them agreed to this arrangement.
There were almost no (hardly any) people on the train this morning.
例題16：–Do you know anything about the players of our school football team?
-Yes. They are _______ young boys between the age of thirteen and fifteen.
A. most B. mostly C. almost D. at most
⑦already，yet和still：
Where is Tom? He hasn't come yet. But Jack is already here.
already：表示事情早已發(fā)生或提前發(fā)生用 already，一般放于用于肯定句和疑問句。含有already的肯定句，變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r(shí)，要將already 變?yōu)閥et，且放在句尾。
We’ve already watched that film.
Have you watched that film yet?
yet：表示預(yù)料要發(fā)生的事未發(fā)生，或期待某事發(fā)生，位于句尾，一般用于否定句和疑問句中。
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
still：表示某事還在進(jìn)行，主要用于肯定句和疑問句中，有時(shí)也可用于否定句中。
He still works until late ever night.
例題17：It’s seven o’clock in the afternoon, but they are ______ having a meeting.
A. already B. still C. yet D. ever
⑧hard 和 hardly
hard，hardly 兩者雖然只有-ly之差，意義卻大不相同。
hard：表示"辛苦，使勁，努力，"如：He works very hard.
hardly：為否定副詞，表示"幾乎不"。
The box is so heavy that he could hardly carry it.
⑨farther 和 further
far 有兩種比較級，farther，further. 在英語中兩者都可指距離。
He runs farther than she does.(在美語中，farther 表示距離，further表示進(jìn)一步。 )
I have nothing further to say.
⑩too, as well, also和either
too, as well和also用于肯定句，too和as well多用于口語，一般放在句末，而also多用于書面語，一般放在句中與動詞連用。either用于否定句，往往放在句末。
He went there too.
He didn’t go there either.
I like you as well.
I also went there.
例題18：-I am not sure which tie to wear for the party.
-God! I have no idea, .
A. too B. neither C. either D. also
⑾how long, how soon, how often, how far和How many times
How long：“多久，多長時(shí)間”，對于一個(gè)持續(xù)的時(shí)間段提問，常用“for+一段時(shí)間”和“since+點(diǎn)時(shí)間”回答。
--How long have you been in China?
--For three years. /Since 2008
How soon：“多快，多久以后”，對一個(gè)短暫動作提問，用于一般將來時(shí)的句子中，常用“in+一段時(shí)間”回答。
--How soon will you be back?
--In five minutes.
How often：“多長時(shí)間一次”，都頻度提問，常用“once, twice, three times a day等”回答。
--How often do you visit your grandparents?
--Once a week.
How far：“多遠(yuǎn)”，對于距離的提問。
--How far is it from your home to your school?
--About two kilometers.
How many times：“多少次”，問次數(shù)，常用次數(shù)來回答。
--How many times have you been to China?
--Just twice
例題19：-__________ do you write to your parents?
-Once a month.
A. How far B. How many C. How long D. How often
例題20：: _______, he didn't fail in the English exam.
A. Luck B. Lucky C. Luckily D. Luckly
例題21：We've never heard of _____ story before.
A. such a strange B. such strange C. so a strange D. so strange
例題22：Would you please speak____? I still can't follow you.
A. slow B. much slowC. much slowly D. more slowly
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