一、作名詞的后置定語的動(dòng)詞不定式
初中英語教材中出現(xiàn)過兩個(gè)這樣的句子:⑴I want a book to read. 我想(找)一本書看。 ⑵There are still twenty more trees to be planted. 還有二十多棵樹要栽。
很多老師或同學(xué)就問:⑴句的a book與to read,⑵句的trees與to be planted都含被動(dòng)關(guān)系,為什么前者用的是主動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞不定式to read作名詞的后置定語,而后者卻用被動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞不定式to be planted呢?
我們應(yīng)該對(duì)下面這道單項(xiàng)選擇填空題記憶猶新吧?(2004年江西省英語中考實(shí)例!)
—Shopping with me? —Sorry. I have a lot of clothes ________.
A. to wash B. washed C. wash D. to be washed
析:正確答案為A,也用主動(dòng)形式的動(dòng)詞不定式作名詞的后置定語!
所以,對(duì)上述問題可解釋如下:如果該句中的主語是動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者(或執(zhí)行者),則動(dòng)詞不定式多數(shù)采用主動(dòng)形式;而當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者(或執(zhí)行者)不是句子的主語時(shí),用主動(dòng)形式或被動(dòng)形式都行,且意義相差無幾——這種情形在表“存在意義”的句式里尤其明顯。如:
① I have a lot of homework to do. 我有許多作業(yè)要做。
② Give me a list of food to buy/to be bought, please. 請(qǐng)把要買的食物單給我。
③ There is nothing to worry about/to be worried about. 沒有什么擔(dān)心的。
析:不管用什么形式的動(dòng)詞不定式作名詞的后置定語,當(dāng)不定式里的動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),千萬不能遺漏了固定搭配的介詞或副詞。如:
a. 他們沒法才找到一個(gè)好的地方住下來。
[誤] They tried to find a nice place to live.
[正]They tried to find a nice place to live in.
b. 公園里有許多可以坐的凳子。
[誤] There are many stools to sit in the park.[正]There are many stools to sit on in the park.
二、不少動(dòng)詞,如sell,wash,write,read,open,ride和系動(dòng)詞smell,taste,sound,feel等等雖形式上為主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(尤其與well,smoothly等程度副詞連用時(shí)),主動(dòng)形式能達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,那就由它們“主動(dòng)”去吧。如:
[誤]This kind of skirt wasn't sold well last year.
[正] This kind of skirt didn't sell well last year.
所以下面這道單項(xiàng)選擇填空題的答案就是A(2003年江西):
I like my new bike. It_____ very well.
A. rides B. is riding C. is ridden D. has ridden
三、smell,look,feel,become/turn/get(變得)等后接過去分詞——其實(shí)是形容詞時(shí),往往是系表結(jié)構(gòu),下面仍以2003年江西省的中考實(shí)題為例:
—Do you still have a headache, Billy? —No, it’s _____. I’m all right now, mum.
A. dropped B. run C. left D. gone
析:答案為D。因這句中的it’s為it is的縮寫,所以is gone是系表結(jié)構(gòu),即“已去的;過去了的”等意。
四、如果主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語屬指代主語本身的詞,如反身代詞、相互代詞或物主代詞等,要變被動(dòng)語態(tài)即是“強(qiáng)人所難”的事。如:
[誤]Yourself must be looked after well (by you).
[正]You must look after yourself well .
五、主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語為非謂語形式時(shí),一般“不宜被動(dòng)”。如:
[誤]To learn English well is hoped by Han Mei.[正]Han Mei hopes to learn English well.
六、過去分詞作定語在中考里也出現(xiàn)過,其中的過分確也含被動(dòng)味,只是常以“簡(jiǎn)略形式”出現(xiàn)——過去分詞盡管為非謂語動(dòng)詞,但它仍保持著動(dòng)詞的詞性,既可以有自己的賓語,又能接狀語,一起構(gòu)成過去分詞短語;作定語時(shí),須將過去分詞放在被修飾詞之后,其功能就相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如:
Near the window, there is a bookshelf filled with many books (=which is filled with many books). 靠近窗戶,有一個(gè)裝滿書的書架。
Most of the students invited to the garden party (=who were invited to the garden party) came from our school. 大部分被邀請(qǐng)參加游園會(huì)的學(xué)生來自于我們學(xué)校。
如此看來,下面這道2003年江西中考實(shí)錄題的答案為什么是C,也就不言而喻了。
—What are on show in the museum?
—Some photos_____ by African children.
A. are taken B. were taken C. taken D. have been taken
析:句里的taken實(shí)乃which/that were taken的簡(jiǎn)化!
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